Стилистические выразительные средства в эпосе «Урал батыр»

The topicality of our investigation lies in the fact that learning the language in its relation to culture, in its interrelation with lingual, ethno-cultural, ethno-psycho­logical factors in the functioning and evolution of language is an important task of modern anthro­po­linguistics. The object of the research is a folklore text - Bashkir folk epic «Ural-Batyr», the subject is its symbolic language connected with the traditional spiritual culture of the Bashkir.

The aim of the research is to reveal stylistic expressive means in the text and to define their roles. Emotionality and imagery of the epic speech is achieved by means of special artistic techniques, expressive means of language – tropes and figures: simile, metaphors, anti­theses, epithets, repetitions, etc.  

The richness of the epic speech is also due to proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions synonyms and antonyms.

The metaphor is understood not only as the ornament of speech, but also as a way of thinking and as the cognitive mechanism of communicative processes, a mechanism for obtaining knowledge. It is regarded as a basic mental operation, a way of learning, categorization, con­cep­tualization, evaluation and explanation of the world. Any idiom from the view point of V.A. Maslov is a text, i.e. the storage of cultural information (Maslov 2001:87). For example, ritual symbolic action became the discourse space for the creation of the phraseological unit «ҡан эсеү» – «to drink blood» Blood expresses the essence of a human being (the animal). It is associated with the life energy of living beings. And in order to possess undaunted spirit of an animal, people drank its blood. In its figurative metaphorical meaning «to drink blood» means «to victimize». There is some connection between discourse and customs and traditions. For example, set phrases such as «ҡан илay», «ҡанлы йәш түгеү» – «to cry with bloody tears» – in the meaning «to suffer» are connected with the ancient customs of the Bashkir and some Turkish  people concerning the ritual cry after a death of the hero, which is used in its literal meaning.

The simile based on associations (tropes) is an effective and expressive means in the text of the epic «Ural-Batyr». With the help of simile the object or phenomenon is emphasized and lie reader pays attention to it.

With the help of simile we comparemen with animals (with a furious camel, with a bloodthirsty bear). This is used to display his strength, aggressiveness, cruelty, his emotional state. Simile may associate with positive emotional and expressive marks. With the help of simile we describe the divine beauty of Aihylu. The beauty of Aihylu is compared not only with a pearl, but she is also like a jewel among the ordinary stones, not only a beautiful flower, but a flower among the weeds.

For example,

«Буҙ таштар араһында

Айырым бµртµк ынйылай,

Күктә балҡып йәмләнгән

Йондоҙҙарҙың айындай». This method creat­es an expression.

In the epic «Ural-Batyr» simile is characterized by description of images. For example, an ugly old woman or a young beautiful woman or their opposition is associated with the mythological beliefs of Bashkir people about life and death. Young beauty represents «life» and an ugly old woman represents «death». Youth is associated with life and an old age is associated with death. The simile has a psychologica basis and shows the inner world of the hero, his emotional state his reaction to the situation.

There are a lot of antithesis. They are also used to display the emotional state of a character associated with his experiences. The snake represents the female being and symbolizes feminine. For example,

«Йылан шыжлап һыҙғырған,

Тау-таш ауғандай булған,» /

«Туғыҙ башлы бер йылан»/

«Шул тирәлә уралған.

Ҡапҡаға яҡын килгән, ти,

Бер ҡыҙ тµҫлµ булған, ти,

Урал янына инеп,

Арбамаҡсы булған, ти».

A person or body parts are described by comparing them with animals or insects.

For example,

«Сүплек типкән тауыҡтай,» /

«Бал ҡортондай ыҡтымат».

Also, there are a lot of hyperboles, such as «Ҡырҡа сапҡан урыны», /

«Бµтә диңгеҙ ҡоротоп», /

«Ерҙәр тетрәп торған».

There are a lot of repetitions, such as

«Кешегә ил ҡороғоҙ,

Данлы батыр булығыҙ» – mor­pho­logical repetition;

«Ай һуғышҡан, ти, Урал,

Йыл һуғышҡан, ти, Урал» – epi­pho­ra;

«Күкте ут менән ялмарға» /

«Күктә ҡош-ҡорт осалмай» – ana­phora;

There are perephrases,

«Ҡанығыҙ бысраҡ булғанға»

Thus, there are a lot of expressive means in the poetic text of «Ural-Batyr» such as simile metaphors, antitheses, epithets, hyperboles, repetitions.

They occur in the text not only to make it vivid not only, but they serve as away to a broader vision, understanding, explaining and perceiving the world in its specific characteristics. The main function of lexical stylistic devices is to create images such as Humay and Ailgi, horse Akbuzat, etc.

These expressive means help to understand the national picture of the world of Bashkir people.

Фото: com